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  81. Times of India, February 9 and 10, 1969.

  82. Ibid., February 11, 1969.

  83. Ibid., February 12, 1969.

  84. Purandare, Sena Story, 60.

  85. Hansen, Wages of Violence, 60.

  86. Lele, “Saffronization of the Shiv Sena,” 199.

  87. Huezé, “Cultural Populism,” 236.

  88. Sujata Patel, “Bombay and Mumbai,” 10.

  89. Purandare, Sena Story, 85.

  90. Author’s interview with Anil Karnik, Mumbai, November 23, 2008. Karnik was Desai’s associate and served as the secretary of the Lok Seva Dal.

  91. Details of his personal and political life are drawn from “Krishna Desai Was a Militant Leader,” Times of India, June 6, 1970, 6; Prabhakar Vaidya, Com. Krishna Desai Aani Tyanche Khooni [Marathi] (Mumbai: Maharashtra State Council of the CPI, 1970); and from author’s interviews with Karnik; Sarojini Desai, his widow; and Ajit Desai, his son; November 23, 2008.

  92. Dinanath Kamat, Ladai Prasthapitanshi [Marathi] (Mumbai: Shilalekh Printers and Advertisers, 2004), 115.

  93. Ibid., 17–19. What follows is based on 20–44.

  94. Ibid., 32–34.

  95. Ibid., 44–45.

  96. Interview with Anil Karnik.

  97. Purandare, Sena Story, 84–86.

  98. Interview with Sarojini Desai and Ajit Desai.

  99. What follows has been compiled from interviews with Karnik and Sarojini Desai; “Communist MLA Murdered,” Times of India, June 6, 1970, 1; “Krishna Desai: The First Victim of Fascist Plot,” Blitz, June 13, 1970, 3; and Ramakant Kulkarni, Footprints on the Sands of Crime (Delhi: Macmillan, 2004), 64–76. Kulkarni was the police officer entrusted with the investigation of this high-profile case.

  100. The above account is compiled from Purandare’s Sena Story, 141–44; Times of India, June 6, 7, and 8, 1970; Blitz, June 13, 1970; and Yugantar (Marathi), June 14, 1970.

  101. Kulkarni, Footprints on the Sands, 70–71.

  102. Blitz, June 13, 1970.

  103. Katzenstein, Ethnicity and Equality, 112–13.

  104. Times of India, October 20, 1970.

  CHAPTER 7. PLANNING AND DREAMING

  1. Mulk Raj Anand, “Editorial: In Dreams Begins Responsibility,” MARG 18, no. 3 (1965): 2–3.

  2. Speaking of cities as evil, Gandhi wrote: “Bombay, Calcutta and other chief cities of India are the real plague spots.” M. K. Gandhi, Hind Swaraj and Other Writings, ed. Anthony J. Parel (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 130. For his views on the village as the authentic expression of India, see 150–51.

  3. Jawaharlal Nehru, The Discovery of India (1946; repr., Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1985), 50–51.

  4. Ibid., 523.

  5. “Nehru’s Reply to Gandhi,” October 9, 1945, in Gandhi, Hind Swaraj and Other Writings, 152.

  6. Nehru wrote that “the fundamental problem of India is not Delhi or Calcutta or Bombay but the villages of India. . . . We want to urbanise the village, not take away the people from the villages to towns.” Cited in Chandigarh: The Making of an Indian City, by Ravi Kalia (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1999), 30.

  7. See James Holston, The Modernist City: An Anthropological Critique of Brasilia (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989), 51, 52.

  8. Norma Evenson, The Indian Metropolis: A View toward the West (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989), 183.

  9. K. C. Zachariah, Migrants in Greater Bombay (Bombay: Asia Publishing House, 1968), 12.

  10. J. F. Bulsara, Bombay: A City in the Making (Bombay: National Information and Publications, 1948), 5.

  11. Ibid., 62.

  12. See Geeta Kapur’s “Partisan Modernity,” in Mulk Raj Anand: Shaping the Indian Modern, ed. Annapurna Garimella (Bombay: Marg Publications, 2005), 28–41, for the details on his biography and intellectual formation.

  13. Karin Zitzewitz, in “The Aesthetics of Secularism: Modernist Art and Visual Culture in India” (PhD diss., Columbia University, 2005), 34, 39–45, 87–139, has an illuminating discussion on the cosmopolitan world of the Progressives. See also her Perfect Frame: Presenting Modern Indian Art; Photographs and Stories from the Collection of Kekoo Gandhy (Bombay: Chemould Publications and Arts, 2003). On Progressives, see also Vasudha Dalmia, The Moderns: The Progressive Artists’ Group and Associates (Bombay: National Gallery of Modern Art, 1996) and The Making of Modern Indian Art: The Progressives (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2001), as well as Kekoo Gandhy, “Beginnings of an Art Movement,” Seminar 528 (August 2003).

  14. Charles Correa, “Mulk Raj Anand at 100,” in Mulk Raj Anand, ed. Garimella, 66–67.

  15. The following articles are all in MARG. “The Charter of Athens: A Treatise on Town Planning,” 3, no. 4 (1949): 10–17; “Le Corbusier,” 2, no. 4 (1947): 9–11; Le Corbusier, “Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow,” 2, no. 4 (1947): 12–19. In addition, there were several articles in the journal during the 1950s and 1960s by Le Corbusier and by others on him and his urban plans. For examples, see “Le Corbusier on Town Planning,” 6, no. 3 (1953): 2–3, and “Urbanism,” 6, no. 4 (1953): 10–18; Balkrishna Doshi, “A Note on Le Corbusier,” 6, no. 4 (1953): 8–9. A number of articles were on Le Corbusier’s Chandigarh plan.

  16. Mustansir Dalvi, “Mulk and Modern Indian Architecture,” in Mulk Raj Anand, ed. Garimella, 61, 65.

  17. “Architecture and Planning,” MARG 1, no. 3 (1947): 23–28.

  18. JIIA, January 1945, 1–2.

  19. MARG 2, no. 1 (1947): 28.

  20. Ibid. 1, no. 1 (1946): 1–2.

  21. Bombay City and Suburbs Post-war Development Committee, Preliminary Report of the Development of Suburbs and Town Planning Panel (Bombay, 1946), 10.

  22. Ibid., 7.

  23. Henri Lefebvre, The Production of Space (Oxford: Blackwell, 1991), 38.

  24. N. V. Modak and Albert Mayer, An Outline of the Master Plan of Greater Bombay (Bombay: Bombay Municipal Printing Press, 1948), 3.

  25. Ibid., foreword.

  26. Ibid., 14.

  27. Ibid., 4.

  28. N. V. Modak and Albert Mayer, Master Plan for Greater Bombay: First Progress Report (Bombay: Bombay Municipal Printing Press, 1949), 2.

  29. For a fuller discussion of this point, see my Another Reason: Science and the Imagination of Modern India (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999), ch. 7.

  30. Modak and Mayer, Outline of the Master Plan, 10.

  31. Charles Correa, Pravina Mehta, and Shirish Patel, “Planning for Bombay,” MARG 18, no. 3 (June 1965): 29–56.

  32. Municipal Corporation of Greater Bombay, Report on the Development Plan for Greater Bombay, 1964 (Bombay: Government Central Press, 1964).

  33. Government of Bombay, Report of the Study Group on Greater Bombay (Bombay: Government Central Press, 1959), 1.

  34. Ibid., 93.

  35. “We are indeed conscious that most of the ideas and lines of activity recommended herein are trite and have been often mentioned before and many of them indeed ‘leap to the eye’ as the obvious solutions to different problems. Perhaps only the various pieces have been set up within a single comprehensive framework for the first time.” Ibid.

  36. Municipal Corporation of Greater Bombay, Report on the Development Plan, xii–xii.

  37. Ibid., xxxi.

  38. Ibid., xvii.

  39. J. H. Ghadiali, “Plan for Bombay: Another View,” Times of India, July 12, 1964.

  40. Charles Correa, “Evolution of the Concept,” Architecture + Design 14, no. 2 (1997): 124–26.

  41. Shirish Patel, author’s interview, Bombay, July 20, 2009. See also Correa, “Evolution of the Concept.”

  42. “Twin City on the Sea,” Times of India, March 29, 1964.

  43. Charles Correa, “New Bombay: MARG as an Urban Catalyst,” in Bombay to Bombay: Changing Perspectives, ed. Pauline Rohatgi, Pheroza Godrej, and Rahul Mehrotra (Bombay: MARG Publications, 1997), 312–13.

  44. H. Foster King, “Editorial: Greater Bombay—across the Harbour,”
JIIA 12, no. 1 (1945): 2.

  45. Correa, Mehta, and Patel, “Planning for Bombay,” 44.

  46. Mulk Raj Anand, “Splendors and Miseries of Bombay,” MARG 18, no. 3 (1965): 16.

  47. Anand, “In Dreams Begins Responsibility,” 3.

  48. Annapurna Shaw, The Making of Navi Bombay (New Delhi: Orient Longman, 2004), 74–79.

  49. Shirish Patel, interview.

  50. J. B. D’Souza, No Trumpets or Bugles: Recollections of an Unrepentant Babu (Bombay: Allied Publishers, 2002), 168.

  51. “Last Page: Will the Twin City across the Harbour Be a Better Bombay?” Blitz, July 11, 1970.

  52. “Bombay’s Neo-Manhattan Twin City: Playground for Monopolists and Speculators,” Blitz, June 5, 1971.

  53. Shaw, The Making of Navi Bombay, 80–81.

  54. The above is based on Shaw, in The Making of Navi Bombay, 251–64.

  55. See the special issue of Architecture + Design 14, no. 2 (1997), devoted to the reassessment of “Navi Bombay.”

  56. Shirish B. Patel, “The Thirty-Year Journey,” Architecture + Design 14, no. 2 (1997): 120.

  57. Shirish Patel, interview.

  58. Patel, “Thirty-Year Journey,” 120.

  59. “A Little More Suffering, a Little More Style,” Economic and Political Weekly 11, no. 30 (July 24, 1976): 1101–6, contains an overview of the reclamation in the 1970s.

  60. “Inside Bombay’s Concrete Jungle . . . Hell for Six Millions,” Blitz, June 10, 1971.

  61. B. B. King et al., “Main Report,” in Urban and Regional Report No. 73–6: Report on Bombay (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, Development Economics Department, Urban and Regional Economics Division, 1973), 11.

  62. Current, January 29, 1972.

  63. Ibid., 1972.

  64. Ibid., May 19, 1973.

  65. What follows is based on D’Souza’s No Trumpets or Bugles, 168–73.

  66. The following details are taken from “A Little More Suffering, a Little More Style,” 1104.

  67. Bombay High Court, Original Side, Misc. Petition no. 519 of 1974; Piloo Mody and Others v. State of Maharashtra and Others.

  68. Piloo Mody and Others v. State of Maharashtra and Others, 319–21.

  69. Ibid., 382–83. See also 396–439 for Desai’s arguments on this point.

  70. Ibid., 503–4.

  71. Ibid., 583–84.

  72. Ibid., 604.

  73. For examples, see “The Backbay Blight,” Times Weekly, December 9, 1973; “NCPA: Big Plans, Small Returns,” Times Weekly, February 17, 1974; “Naik Govt’s Newest Racket: Super-Skyscrapers without Tenders,” Blitz, March 26, 1973; “King’s Ransom for Queen’s Barrack,” Free Press Journal, April 18, 1972.

  74. “A Little More Suffering, a Little More Style,” 1105–6; Atul D. Ranade, “What Has Gone Wrong at Backbay?” JIIA 42, no. 4 (1976): 14–18.

  75. Anand, “Splendours and Miseries of Bombay,” 19–20.

  76. Raban, Soft City, 16.

  77. Ibid., 20.

  78. Rahul Mehrotra, “From New Bombay to Navi Bombay: The Twenty-Five Years,” Architecture + Design 14, no. 2 (1997): 22.

  79. Anand, “Splendours and Miseries of Bombay,” 17.

  80. Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai, Human Development Report, Mumbai 2009 (Mumbai: Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai, 2009).

  CHAPTER 8. AVENGER ON THE STREET

  1. Bombay Dying (Delhi: Raj Comics, 2001)

  2. There is a vast literature on the Emergency, written largely by journalists and by Mrs. Gandhi’s opponents. For a recent balanced and synthetic account, see Ram Chandra Guha, India after Gandhi: The History of the World’s Largest Democracy (New York: HarperCollins, 2007), chs. 21, 22.

  3. Author’s interview with Kalpana Sharma, April 14, 2009. Sharma was then the editor of a feisty weekly, Himmat, which, like all other publications, was subjected to censorship.

  4. See Emma Tarlo, Unsettling Memories: Narratives of the Emergency in Delhi (London: C. Hurst, 2003).

  5. What follows is based largely on Darryl D’Monte’s Ripping the Fabric: The Decline of Mumbai and Its Mills (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2002), 85–105, which very usefully summarizes and analyzes the extensive literature on the decline of the textile industry.

  6. Nigel Harris, “Bombay in the Global Economy,” in Bombay: Metaphor for Modern India, ed. Patel and Thorner, 50.

  7. Mumbai Metropolitan Regional Development Authority, Draft Regional Plan for the Bombay Metropolitan Region, 1996–2011 (Mumbai: MMRDA, 1995), 109, cited in D’Monte’s Ripping the Fabric, 82.

  8. Sandip Pendse, “The Datta Samant Phenomenon,” pts. 1 and 2, Economic and Political Weekly 16, no. 16 (1981): 695–97 and 16, no. 17 (1981): 745–49; and H. van Wersch, The Bombay Textile Strike, 1982–83 (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1992), 95–100.

  9. What follows is drawn from Wersch, Bombay Textile Strike, 95–233.

  10. See D’Monte, Ripping the Fabric, 153–86, for a detailed account of this murder and for the gangland wars over the mill lands.

  11. Jan Nijman, “Mumbai’s Real Estate Market in the1990s: Deregulation, Global Money and Casino Capitalism,” Economic and Political Weekly 35, no. 7 (2000): 575–82.

  12. See, for example, “The Other Bombay: Some Glimpses of the City’s Underworld,” Illustrated Weekly of India, September 9, 1959, 11–13; “The Matka Menace,” Illustrated Weekly of India, February 11, 1968, 8–11; “Operation Gold I” and “Operation Gold II,” Illustrated Weekly of India, May 24 and June 7, 1970; “Dubai Daredevils Defy Bombay Customs Dragnet,” Blitz, November 14, 1970, 12–13; and “The New Golden Triangle,” Times Weekly, January 6, 1974, 7.

  13. Greater Bombay Police (Crime Branch), “The Growth of Gangsterism in Greater Bombay” (unpublished report, Bombay, 1994), 147. What follows is drawn from the richly detailed information in this report.

  14. The details of Dawood’s career are drawn from Greater Bombay Police (Crime Branch), “Growth of Gangsterism,” 7–42.

  15. The deposition to the police by Pradeep Narayan Madgaonkar, also known as Bandya Mama—an agent of Chota Rajan, who was then with Dawood but fell out later—offers a detailed portrait of the gang’s network. Greater Bombay Police (Crime Branch), “Growth of Gangsterism,” 45–68.

  16. Ibid., 149.

  17. For a detailed account of the riots, see Clarence Fernandez and Naresh Fernandes, “The Winter of Discontent” and “A City at War with Itself,” in When Bombay Burned, ed. Dileep Padgaonkar (New Delhi: UBS Publishers’ Distributors, 1993), 12–41, 42–108.

  18. Ibid., 33.

  19. Quoted ibid., 35.

  20. Rajdeep Sardesai, “The Great Betrayal,” in When Bombay Burned, ed. Padgaonkar, 199–200.

  21. Quoted in “A City at War with Itself,” by Fernandez and Fernandes, 74.

  22. “Kick Them Out—No Compromise with the Muslims: The Rhetoric of Hatred from Shiv Sena’s Bal Thackeray,” Time, January 25, 1993.

  23. Report of the Srikrishna Commission Appointed for Inquiry into the Riots at Mumbai during December 1992–January 1993 and the March 12, 1993 Bomb Blasts, vol. 1, in Damning Verdict (Mumbai: Sabrang Communications and Publishing, 1998), 49.

  24. Ibid., 40, 42.

  25. S. Hussain Zaidi provides a detailed and riveting account of the conspiracy in his Black Friday (New Delhi: Penguin Books, 2002). Anurag Kashyap’s film of the same title (2005) is based on this book.

  26. Zaidi, Black Friday, 28.

  27. Srikrishna Commission Report 1:25.

  28. The term “crime melodrama” comes from Ravi Vasudevan, “Shifting Codes, Dissolving Identities: The Hindi Social Film of the 1950s as Popular Culture,” in Making Meanings in Indian Cinema, ed. Ravi Vasudevan (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2000), 99–121.

  29. Ranjani Mazumdar, Bombay Cinema: Archive of a City (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2007), 1–40.

  30. On the comic-book form, see Scott McCloud, Understanding Comics: The Invisible Art (New York: Harper Perennia
l, 1993); Mila Bongco, Reading Comics: Language, Culture, and the Concept of the Superhero in Comic Books (New York: Garland Publishing, 2000); Stephen Weiner, Faster Than a Speeding Bullet: The Rise of the Graphic Novel (New York: Nantier Beall Minoustchine Publishing, 2001); and Roz Kaveney, Superheroes! Capes and Crusaders in Comics and Films (London: I. B. Tauris, 2008).

  31. For a study of Amar Chitra Katha, see Nandini Chandra, The Classic Popular: Amar Chitra Katha, 1967–2007 (New Delhi: Yoda Press, 2008).

  32. Siegfried Kracauer, The Mass Ornament, trans. and ed. Thomas Y. Levin (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995), 74.

  33. The information that follows is drawn from the author’s interviews with Vivek Mohan, January 2006, and Sanjay Gupta, April 2009.

  34. Sanjay Gupta, interview.

  35. The first three issues establish the superhero’s character and his backstories. See Curfew (Delhi: Raj Comics, 1993); Yeh Hai Doga [It’s Doga] (Delhi: Raj Comics, 1993); and Main Hoon Doga [I Am Doga] (Delhi: Raj Comics, 1993).

  36. The story of his training under four uncles appears in Adrakh Chacha (Delhi: Raj Comics, 1993).

  37. Genda (Delhi: Raj Comics, 1993).

  38. Georg Simmel, “Metropolis and Mental Life,” in On Individuality and Social Forms (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971), 324–39.

  39. Khaki Aur Khaddar (Delhi: Raj Comics, 1997).

  40. Sher Ka Bachcha [The Lion’s Cub] (Delhi: Raj Comics, 1997).

  41. Khaki Aur Khaddar, 37.

  42. Doga Hindu Hai [Doga Is Hindu] (Delhi: Raj Comics, 2008); Apna Bhai Doga [Our Brother Doga] (Delhi: Raj Comics, 2008); Doga Haay Haay [Down with Doga] (Delhi: Raj Comics, 2009); Ro Pada Doga [Doga Breaks Down] (Delhi: Raj Comics, 2009); and Doga Ka Curfew [Doga’s Curfew] (Delhi: Raj Comics, 2009).

  CHAPTER 9. DREAMWORLD

  1. Surendra Verma, Do murdon ke liye guldasta [Bouquet for Two Corpses] (Delhi: Radhakrishna, 1998), 22. All translations are mine.

  2. Ibid., 20.

  3. Gillian Tindall, City of Gold (Delhi: Penguin Books, 1982), 3–4.

  4. McKinsey and Company, Vision Mumbai: Transforming Mumbai into a World-Class City (Mumbai: Bombay First, 2003), vii.